128 docs tagged with "Substance"

Polyphenolic alkaloid; glycemic control; antimicrobial effects; microbiome modulation

Levodopa: a pharmacologically active precursor of dopamine

Calming amino acid from tea; increases alpha waves; sleep-friendly

Polysaccharides with immune-modulating properties found in mushrooms and other foods

Endogenous γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine tripeptide and GSH/GSSG redox resource pool; nutritionally relevant through precursor supply, synthesis and recycling rather than as a vitamin.

Supplemental cysteine precursor. The glutathione result used it together with glycine in older adults. It is not food cysteine.

Dietary nitrate that converts to nitric oxide, supporting vascular function and mitochondrial efficiency

Complex carbohydrates with immune-modulating and gut microbiome supporting properties

A dietary and endogenous polyamine studied in cellular recycling and mitochondrial maintenance; human cognitive benefit remains unestablished.

Osmoregulator; GABA modulation; mitochondrial membrane stabilizer; anti-inflammatory

Nucleoside that can supply CTP for CDP-choline. UMP and uridine-plus-DHA combinations are separate exposures.

Xanthophyll carotenoid in salmon, salmon roe, and related marine foods; mapped to BRS3 redox signalling and BRS4 mitochondrial membrane protection.

Neuroprotective carotenoid; vitamin A precursor; supports immune regulation and neuronal development

Neuroprotective carotenoid; accumulates in neural tissues and retina; supports cognitive performance

Neuroprotective carotenoid; found in tomatoes; absorption enhanced by cooking and dietary fat

Neuroprotective carotenoid; accumulates in neural tissues and retina; supports cognitive performance

Trimethylglycine in beets, spinach, wheat germ and quinoa; methyl donor for BHMT, with brain effects not yet established.

Essential methyl-donor nutrient in eggs, meat and milk; mapped to BRS2 one-carbon metabolism and BRS6 hepatic lipid export.

Endogenous redox-sensitive cofactor for aromatic-amino-acid hydroxylases and nitric-oxide synthases; not a dietary vitamin or food bioactive.

Principal sesame lignan; preliminary cardiometabolic trials, null food-level findings, and incomplete translation to ordinary servings.

Distinct sesame lignan with redox and neuroprotective laboratory findings and almost no human clinical evidence.

Electron transport chain cofactor and antioxidant relevant to mitochondrial function

Phosphocreatine system buffer for neuronal ATP demand; cognitive support evidence

Reactive organosulfur compound formed when garlic is crushed; linked to antioxidant and antimicrobial effects.

Glucosinolate precursor of sulforaphane, concentrated in broccoli sprouts.

Isothiocyanate formed from glucoraphanin when myrosinase is active; studied for Nrf2 signalling.

Glycosylated flavonoid pigments derived from anthocyanidin parent structures. Human evidence typically concerns anthocyanin-rich foods, mixed extracts, or specific glycosides rather than isolated anthocyanidin aglycones.

Anthocyanidin parent compound and its common dietary glycoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G).

Anthocyanidin parent compound; occurs in foods predominantly as glycosylated anthocyanins.

Anthocyanidin parent compound; occurs in foods predominantly as glycosylated derivatives, notably in red/purple grapes and blueberries.

Anthocyanidin parent compound; occurs in foods predominantly as glycosides and is the dominant anthocyanidin backbone in strawberries.

Anthocyanidin parent compound; occurs in foods predominantly as methylated anthocyanin glycosides, including in cherries, cranberries, and blueberries.

Anthocyanidin parent compound; occurs in foods predominantly as glycosylated anthocyanins, including in blueberries and red/purple grapes.

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant; bioavailability enhanced with piperine and fats

Hydrolysable tannins that release ellagic acid. They are the upstream class, not ellagic acid and not urolithin A.

Cocoa flavanol monomer (a catechin); part of dark chocolate flavanol fraction.

Polyphenol; antioxidant; gut barrier/LPS modulation; supports microbiome

Cocoa flavanol monomer (a catechin); linked to vascular and cognitive endpoints.

Dark chocolate procyanidin oligomer fraction (flavanol oligomers); studied as part of total cocoa flavanol profile.

Lemon-associated citrus flavanone studied for antioxidant activity and flavanone metabolism.

Citrus flavanone glycoside (notably orange, also present in lemon) with cardiometabolic and vascular research interest.

Dietary flavonol in leafy greens, herbs, tea and some fruits; studied as a food constituent and as an isolated hormetic/senolytic agent.

Polyphenol; antioxidant; mitochondrial support; bioavailability improved with vitamin C

Soy isoflavone; ECS modulation via FAAH inhibition; anti-inflammatory/neuroprotective

The microbial substrate for urolithin formation. Conversion depends on the community and can stop at intermediates. It is not urolithin A.

Potent antioxidant polyphenol from extra-virgin olive oil; anti-inflammatory

Phenolic compound in olive oil; neuroprotective effects and precursor to hydroxytyrosol

Secoiridoid polyphenol in extra-virgin olive oil; antioxidant and NRF2 activation

Secoiridoid polyphenol in extra-virgin olive oil; NF-κB inhibition and anti-inflammatory effects

Major secoiridoid polyphenol in olive oil; oleuropein aglycone supports mitophagy, SIRT1, and AMPK activation

Rosemary diterpene linked to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory signaling in preclinical models.

Rosemary diterpene with anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer mechanistic evidence from preclinical literature.

Thymol isomer in thyme and related Lamiaceae herbs; chemotype-dependent.

Phenolic monoterpene that defines thyme aroma; concentration varies by chemotype and drying.

Key aromatic compound in cinnamon; supports glycemic control and insulin sensitivity

Microbial short-chain fatty acid; gut–brain research remains distinct from evidence of clinical benefit.

Key SCFA supporting mitochondrial function, gut barrier integrity, and neuroinflammation reduction

SCFA supporting neuroinflammation reduction, blood-brain barrier protection, and neurotransmitter regulation

Microbial metabolites supporting gut barrier, immune tone, and brain function

Microbiome-derived metabolite from ellagitannins; supports mitochondrial resilience and mitophagy

Conditionally essential amino acid; precursor for creatine and nitric oxide synthesis

Non-protein amino acid that contributes to arginine and nitric oxide pathway context

Sulfur amino acid made from methionine. Food tables report cystine. Mapped to glutathione assembly with the formula-diet limits.

Amino acid and the substrate of GAD and of the first step of glutathione assembly. Intracellular roles are not a requirement to eat glutamate.

Amino acid used by enterocytes. Adult trials do not show a general permeability benefit. A postinfectious IBS supplement result stays in that group.

Nonessential amino acid in collagen-rich foods. Substrate of glutathione assembly. Trials of glycine taken alone report psychiatric-symptom changes and small, high-bias sleep findings.

Amino acid condensed with homocysteine by cystathionine beta-synthase. Diet and endogenous synthesis can both supply it.

Dopamine and norepinephrine precursor; LAT1 competition with LNAAs

Essential AA; precursor to histamine; roles in enzyme active sites

Essential BCAA; energy metabolism; complements leucine/valine

Essential BCAA; mTOR signaling; protein synthesis; cognitive load support

Essential AA; limiting in many cereals; complements legumes

Essential AA; precursor to SAMe via methylation cycle

Essential AA; precursor to tyrosine → catecholamines

Essential AA; structural proteins; mucin production

Serotonin/melatonin precursor; NAD+ pathway substrate; LAT1 transport dynamics

Essential BCAA; supports protein balance and neurotransmitter transport competition

A branched α-L-arabinofuranose polysaccharide and a neutral side chain of pectin. Local evidence is one pea-fibre arabinan, not every arabinan source.

The studied combined oligosaccharide preparation. Its fermentation result is not evidence for either class alone, and it is not oligofructose.

A class of plant cell-wall polysaccharides. Apple pectin, citrus pectin, and generic fermentation substrates are separate evidence records.

Starch that escapes small-intestinal digestion. Type 2 mouse feeding, resistant potato starch, and RS2/RS3 cultures are separate exposures.

Longer-chain inulin-type fructan. The mouse mucus result used oligofructose-enriched inulin, which is not inulin alone and not oligofructose alone.

Short-chain inulin-type fructan mixture. FOS and fructooligosaccharides overlap with this name but are not exact synonyms.

The sugar used as a luminal sensory stimulus in a mouse neuropod–vagal circuit. That experiment is not a reason to eat more glucose.

Principal dietary monounsaturated fatty acid (18:1 n-9); not synonymous with MUFA or omega-9

Key brain phospholipid; carrier for DHA/EPA and acetylcholine precursor pathway

Brain phospholipid; precursor to PC and NAPE → NAEs (PEA/OEA/AEA)

Neuronal membrane phospholipid; cognition; stress modulation

Essential omega-3 precursor; limited conversion to DHA/EPA

Accounts for ~10–15% of total brain fatty acids, 20–30% of neuronal phospholipids (PE, PS), and >90% of brain omega-3 PUFA; critical for membrane fluidity, synaptic vesicle fusion, neurodevelopment

The "intermediate" between EPA ↔ DHA; important in vascular health, repair, and immune modulation

Potent anti-inflammatory; precursor to E-series resolvins; modulates dopamine and serotonin signalling

(EPA, DHA) Anti-inflammatory, membrane, and neuromodulatory lipids central to BRAIN Diet

Omega-6 PUFA; eicosanoid precursor; balance with omega-3s

Essential omega-6; precursor to arachidonic acid and eicosanoids

Medium-chain triglyceride (C10) providing rapid brain energy via ketone production

Medium-chain triglyceride (C6) providing rapid brain energy via ketone production

Medium-chain triglyceride (C8) providing rapid brain energy via ketone production

Medium-chain fatty acids (C8, C10) providing rapid brain energy via ketone production

Bone health; neurotransmission; interacts with vitamin D and K2

Enzymatic cofactor (>300 reactions); neurotransmitters; mitochondria; redox balance

Structural phosphate in ATP, phosphocreatine, phospholipids, DNA/RNA, and signalling

Electrolyte for nerve transmission, muscle function, and blood pressure regulation

Electrolyte for fluid balance and nerve function

Ultratrace mineral; bone, hormone, and vitamin D metabolism support

Trivalent chromium; insulin signalling and glucose handling support

Essential cuproenzyme cofactor for catecholamine synthesis, iron efflux and redox defence; mapped to BRS1, BRS3, BRS5 and BRS6.

Thyroid hormone synthesis; neurodevelopment; neurotransmitter regulation

Oxygen transport; dopamine synthesis (tyrosine hydroxylase cofactor)

Cofactor for MnSOD (SOD2); mitochondrial antioxidant defense

Antioxidant enzyme cofactor (GPx); supports redox balance

Cofactor in neurotransmission and antioxidant enzymes; dopamine modulation

A reduced form of vitamin B9 in foods, and the methyl donor for homocysteine remethylation.

The riboflavin-derived cofactor that accepts NADH electrons at the start of mitochondrial complex I.

All-trans-retinoic acid made in the body from dietary retinol or beta-carotene, not stored in the food.

Neurodevelopment; immune regulation; antioxidant via carotenoids

Mitochondrial glucose metabolism; ATP synthesis; rapid turnover in CNS

Methylation; myelin; mitochondrial odd-chain FA metabolism

Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and FAD coenzymes; redox balance; supports methylation via MTHFR

NAD+ precursor; supports mitochondrial biogenesis and ATP production

CoA synthesis; fatty-acid oxidation; TCA cycle flux

PLP cofactor for neurotransmitter synthesis; relies on brain PDXK activation

One-carbon metabolism; methylation; homocysteine recycling

Antioxidant; supports iron absorption; neuronal SVCT2 transport

Neurotrophic and immune modulation; calcium homeostasis

Lipid-phase antioxidant; protects PUFA (DHA) in membranes

Phylloquinone (vitamin K1) from green plants; required for vitamin K–dependent carboxylation.

Calcium handling; potential roles in brain health; often co-occurs with fat-soluble vitamins