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Trace Minerals

Cu2+

Copper

Cofactor in redox enzymes; dopamine β-hydroxylase; iron metabolism interplay

I-

Iodine

Thyroid hormone synthesis; neurodevelopment; neurotransmitter regulation

Fe2+

Iron

Oxygen transport; dopamine synthesis (tyrosine hydroxylase cofactor)

Mn2+

Manganese

Cofactor for MnSOD (SOD2); mitochondrial antioxidant defense

Se2-

Selenium

Antioxidant enzyme cofactor (GPx); supports redox balance

Zn2+

Zinc

Cofactor in neurotransmission and antioxidant enzymes; dopamine modulation