Trace

Copper

Cofactor in redox enzymes; dopamine β-hydroxylase; iron metabolism interplay

Iodine

Thyroid hormone synthesis; neurodevelopment; neurotransmitter regulation

Iron

Oxygen transport; dopamine synthesis (tyrosine hydroxylase cofactor)

Manganese

Cofactor for MnSOD (SOD2); mitochondrial antioxidant defense

Selenium

Antioxidant enzyme cofactor (GPx); supports redox balance

Zinc

Cofactor in neurotransmission and antioxidant enzymes; dopamine modulation