Vitamin A (Retinoids; β-Carotene precursor)
Neurodevelopment; immune regulation; antioxidant via carotenoids
Neurodevelopment; immune regulation; antioxidant via carotenoids
Mitochondrial glucose metabolism; ATP synthesis; rapid turnover in CNS
Methylation; myelin; mitochondrial odd-chain FA metabolism
FMN/FAD coenzymes; redox balance; supports methylation via MTHFR
NAD+ precursor; supports mitochondrial biogenesis and ATP production
CoA synthesis; fatty-acid oxidation; TCA cycle flux
PLP cofactor for neurotransmitter synthesis; relies on brain PDXK activation
One-carbon metabolism; methylation; homocysteine recycling
Antioxidant; supports iron absorption; neuronal SVCT2 transport
Neurotrophic and immune modulation; calcium homeostasis
Lipid-phase antioxidant; protects PUFA (DHA) in membranes
Calcium handling; potential roles in brain health; often co-occurs with fat-soluble vitamins