Gut–Brain Axis & Enteric Nervous System (ENS)
Peripheral neural–immune interface — microbial metabolites, vagal signalling, immune–metabolic integration
Peripheral neural–immune interface — microbial metabolites, vagal signalling, immune–metabolic integration
Balancing stress hormones, sex hormones, and other endocrine factors for brain health
Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress as one interconnected system; modifiable contributors to ADHD and neurocognitive symptom severity
Optimizing glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity for brain health
Biochemical regulation layer — synthesis, repair, epigenetic control, neurotransmitter production
Capacity layer — ATP production, metabolic resilience, oxidative phosphorylation efficiency
Signal layer — synaptic communication, circuit dynamics, behavioural expression
Oxidative stress as a modifiable contributor to ADHD symptom severity
Whole-body regulation layer — stress allocation, autonomic tone, hormonal coordination and energy prioritisation