Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)
Endogenous redox-sensitive cofactor for aromatic-amino-acid hydroxylases and nitric-oxide synthases; not a dietary vitamin or food bioactive.
Endogenous redox-sensitive cofactor for aromatic-amino-acid hydroxylases and nitric-oxide synthases; not a dietary vitamin or food bioactive.
Endogenous γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine tripeptide and GSH/GSSG redox resource pool; nutritionally relevant through precursor supply, synthesis and recycling rather than as a vitamin.
Microbial short-chain fatty acid; gut–brain research remains distinct from evidence of clinical benefit.
Key SCFA supporting mitochondrial function, gut barrier integrity, and neuroinflammation reduction
SCFA supporting neuroinflammation reduction, blood-brain barrier protection, and neurotransmitter regulation
Microbial metabolites supporting gut barrier, immune tone, and brain function
Microbiome-derived metabolite from ellagitannins; supports mitochondrial resilience and mitophagy