Choline
Acetylcholine precursor; methyl donor; phospholipid synthesis for membranes
Acetylcholine precursor; methyl donor; phospholipid synthesis for membranes
Electron transport chain cofactor and antioxidant relevant to mitochondrial function
Phosphocreatine system buffer for neuronal ATP demand; cognitive support evidence
Osmoregulator; GABA modulation; mitochondrial membrane stabilizer; anti-inflammatory